Effective Treatment of Shale Oil and Gas Produced Water ...
Background. Shale oil and gas wastewater is extremely challenging to treat due to its high salinity, high organic matter content, and toxicity. The salinity of shale oil and gas wastewater (up to 360,000 ppm) exceeds the desalination limit of reverse osmosis (salinity of 70,000 ppm), rendering this energy-efficient technology inappropriate for wastewater treatment.